Assignment paper-7. Literary theory and criticism & Indian poetics
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Assignment paper- 7
Name- Gohil Dipti Ajaybhai
Roll number – 6
Enrollment no- 2069108420190018
Year – 2018- 2020
Paper- 7. Literary theory and criticism -2
Summitted to- Department of the English, Maharaja KrishnaKumarSingh Bhavnagar University
Word - 1768
Topic- Critically evaluate I.A.Richards criticism on The Figurative language and explain with example
Introduction –
I.A.Richards full name is Ivo Armstrong Richards. He was critic, poet and teacher. He was pioneer in the domain of new criticism. T.S.Eliot is father of the new criticism but I.A.Richards also father of the new criticism because he was first critic who apply practical criticism in the English literature. Before him some critic critics literature but they could not give proper method of the criticism. For example Plato critics poetry and told poetry is not good for society then Aristotle gave definition of the tragedy furthermore Dryden gave comparative criticism and If we show romantic age literature there are two critics Wordsworth and Coleridge who gave new method of writing poem. But any critic had not done practical criticism. Hence he is the father of the new criticism.
He has been a constant source of inspiration to the new criticism more particularly to John Crowe Ransom and William Empson many of whom have used his tools and techniques on an extensive scale. But he differs from the new critics in one important respect.
His works :-
1) The Meaning of Meaning – 1923
2) The principal of Literary Criticism – 1924
3) The Practical Criticism – 1929
4) Coleridge on Imagination
5) Mencius of the mind
6) Speculative Instruments
7) The philosophy of Rhetoric
But his most famous works are three. 1) The Meaning of Meaning
2) The principal of Literary Criticism
3) The Practical Criticism, this is divided in three parts first one is Four Kinds of Meaning second part is description of two uses of Language and third part is related to simile, metaphor and symbol which type of uses in poetic language.
Of course New Critics limit themselves rigorously to the poem consideration, I.A.Richards also takes into account its effects on the the readers. Richards believed that if reader have not sence of reading poetry so poem real value like lies in the reaction and attitudes on reader mind and they lost emotional balance, peace and rest in own mind. Therefore I.A.Richards gave practical Criticism this Criticism through we can appreciate and evaluation of a work of art as it is in itself. His approach is pragmatic and empirical however his experimental comments of students on poems without title and author. He gave suggestions, comments, interpretations and conclusions. His practical approach gave new way to literary criticism.
He gave Techniques and Principles while preparing his book The practical Criticism he says “ I have set three aims before me constructing this book.” His three objective to write The practical criticism :-
1) To introduce a new kind of documentation to those who are interested in the contemporary state of culture whether as critics, philosophers, as teachers, as psychologist.
2) To provide new techniques for those who wish to discover for themselves what they think and feel about poetry and why they should like or dislike it.
3) To prepare the way for educational methods more efficient than those we use now in developing discrimination and the power to understand what we hear and read.
He believed that poet writes to communicate and language is the means of that communication language is made of works and hence a study of words is all important if we are to understand the meaning of a work of art. Words carry four kinds of meaning- Sense, Feelings, Tone, Intention.
His Practical Criticism first part is Four Kinds of Meaning.
1) Four Kinds of meaning :-
A poet writes to communicate and language is the means of that communication. Language is made of a words and therefore a study of words is required to understand the meaning of a work of art. If we can understand words proper meaning so that we can criticize any work of art without understand it is like shadow of the art , we cannot understand deep meaning of the art and we can not able to criticize any art. According to I.A.Richards words carry four kinds of meaning or to be more precise the total meaning of a word depends upon four factors. For example – Sense, Feeling ,tone, intention
I) Sense – To understand writer reference or what is said or the items referred to by a writer.
II) Feeling – It is related to emotion which type writer tried to connect emotional attitude this thing understand without doubts. Feeling refers to emotion, emotional attitudes ,will, desire, pleasure, displeasure and the rest. When we say something we have a feeling about it, “ an attitude towards it, some special direction, bias or accentuation of interest towards it, some personal flavour or colouring of feeling”. Words express “ these feelings, these nuances of interest”.
III) Tone – It is like the attitude of the writer. Writer chooses words and arrange that appropriately, that’s why reader understand writer's attitude. The use of language is determined by the writer's recognition of his relation to his readers.
IV) Intention :-
It mean writer's aim for writing any poem. Writer's aim may be conscious or unconscious ,the effect he is trying to promote. It refer to the emphasis shapes the arrangement or draws attention to something of important.
2) Two uses of Language:-
According to I.A.Richards language can be used in two ways for example the scientific use and the emotive one. Practice criticism chapter 34, he discusses the most neglected subject for example the theory of language and the two uses of language. This theory we can much understand if we can understand a clear comprehensive of the difference between the uses of language is indispensable. He tried to distinguish between two kinds of causation for mental event. It is only in recent years that serious attention is given to the language as a science.
I) Scientific use of language:-
It is like connection and relations of reference to one another must be logical. In the use of scientific language, we are usually matter of fact. Scientific use of the language the difference in reference is a failure but in the emotive language it is not so. Generally Scientific use of the language, the reference should be correct and the relation of reference should be logical. Richards goes on to examine different uses of the word 'truth'. He says that the term 'true' should be reserved for this type of uses the scientific use.
II) Emotive use of language:-
He also says the term ‘true’should be reserved for this type of uses the scientific but the emotive power of the word is far too great for this. Richards says that logical arrangement is not necessary for emotive purposes. The temptations are there for a speaker who wants to evoke certain attitudes.
So Richards goes on to consider the connotation of the word ’truth’ in Criticism. In literary criticism the common use is 'acceptability'.
3) On Simile, metaphor and symbol :-
He says two kinds of Metaphors. The use of metaphoric language important for the purpose of communication. Metaphor may be two kinds :- I) Sense metaphor
II) Emotive metaphor
In a sense metaphor the shift is due to a similarity or analogy between the original object and the new
one. In an emotive metaphor the shift is due to a, “Similarity between the feelings the new situation and the
normal situation arouse”. The same word in different contexts may be a sense – Metaphor or an emotive one.
Metaphor, says Richards “is a semi surreptious method by which a greater variety of element can be brought into
A) the fabric of the experience. Richards uses the word “Symbolistic” for the referential use of language, but there is a different between his views of language and Saussure's. If we have not skill of reading poetry then create four type of misunderstanding in our mind. Rhythm results from the repetition of particular sounds and the expectancy this repetition around in the mind. Metre is a specialised formed pattern. Both rhythm and metre are organic and integral parts of a poem. They both determine the meaning of the words used the poets. If we have not skill of understanding of the sense of poetry :- Careless, intuitive reading
B) Over literal reading- Prosaic reading
C) Defective scholarship, inappropriate metaphor
D) Difference in meaning of words in poetry and prose, like personification, metaphor.
Crossing The Bar
Sunset and evening star,
And one clear call for me I
And may there be no moaning of the bar,
When I put out to sea,
But such a tide as, moving, seems asleep,
Too full for sound and foam
When that which drew from out the boundless deep
Turns again home
Twilight and evening bell,
And after that the dark !
When I embark ,
For tho' from out Bourne of Time and place
I hope to see my Pilot face to face
When I have crost the bar.
One of the serious cause of misunderstanding is the failure to realize that the poetic use of words is different from their use in prose. Literal sense of words we can understand through dictionary but it behind meaning to understand to the sense of the poetry. Critics found this type of problem with this poem-
1) Sunset and star how can call anybody so if we have no sense use of language therefore we can not understand .
2) In the second stanza poet use methor of language , Tide as moving seems asleep , simile figurative language.
3) It is imagination evening bell twilight.
If we just read this poem as assumption about language that would be fatal to poetry. In this poem not use many metaphor. In what way it’s sense is to be read ? Poetry is different from prose and needs a different attitude for right understanding.
Intention of the poet :-
Crossing the bar poem written by William Blake. The poem is to death signal for poet, poet image that how can death coming his near and he wants to easily crossing the bar of the death.
Summing up:-
As per my description or understanding of Practice criticism, Richards was one of the critic who gave this type of practical Criticism. He also tried to develop awareness of reader how can read poem. He explained his criticism with example of poem and try to clear misunderstanding of reader so he was the father of the New criticism.
Reference –
https://dilipbarad.blogspot.com/2014/12/ia-richards-figurative-language
Assignment paper- 7
Name- Gohil Dipti Ajaybhai
Roll number – 6
Enrollment no- 2069108420190018
Year – 2018- 2020
Paper- 7. Literary theory and criticism -2
Summitted to- Department of the English, Maharaja KrishnaKumarSingh Bhavnagar University
Word - 1768
Topic- Critically evaluate I.A.Richards criticism on The Figurative language and explain with example
Introduction –
I.A.Richards full name is Ivo Armstrong Richards. He was critic, poet and teacher. He was pioneer in the domain of new criticism. T.S.Eliot is father of the new criticism but I.A.Richards also father of the new criticism because he was first critic who apply practical criticism in the English literature. Before him some critic critics literature but they could not give proper method of the criticism. For example Plato critics poetry and told poetry is not good for society then Aristotle gave definition of the tragedy furthermore Dryden gave comparative criticism and If we show romantic age literature there are two critics Wordsworth and Coleridge who gave new method of writing poem. But any critic had not done practical criticism. Hence he is the father of the new criticism.
He has been a constant source of inspiration to the new criticism more particularly to John Crowe Ransom and William Empson many of whom have used his tools and techniques on an extensive scale. But he differs from the new critics in one important respect.
His works :-
1) The Meaning of Meaning – 1923
2) The principal of Literary Criticism – 1924
3) The Practical Criticism – 1929
4) Coleridge on Imagination
5) Mencius of the mind
6) Speculative Instruments
7) The philosophy of Rhetoric
But his most famous works are three. 1) The Meaning of Meaning
2) The principal of Literary Criticism
3) The Practical Criticism, this is divided in three parts first one is Four Kinds of Meaning second part is description of two uses of Language and third part is related to simile, metaphor and symbol which type of uses in poetic language.
Of course New Critics limit themselves rigorously to the poem consideration, I.A.Richards also takes into account its effects on the the readers. Richards believed that if reader have not sence of reading poetry so poem real value like lies in the reaction and attitudes on reader mind and they lost emotional balance, peace and rest in own mind. Therefore I.A.Richards gave practical Criticism this Criticism through we can appreciate and evaluation of a work of art as it is in itself. His approach is pragmatic and empirical however his experimental comments of students on poems without title and author. He gave suggestions, comments, interpretations and conclusions. His practical approach gave new way to literary criticism.
He gave Techniques and Principles while preparing his book The practical Criticism he says “ I have set three aims before me constructing this book.” His three objective to write The practical criticism :-
1) To introduce a new kind of documentation to those who are interested in the contemporary state of culture whether as critics, philosophers, as teachers, as psychologist.
2) To provide new techniques for those who wish to discover for themselves what they think and feel about poetry and why they should like or dislike it.
3) To prepare the way for educational methods more efficient than those we use now in developing discrimination and the power to understand what we hear and read.
He believed that poet writes to communicate and language is the means of that communication language is made of works and hence a study of words is all important if we are to understand the meaning of a work of art. Words carry four kinds of meaning- Sense, Feelings, Tone, Intention.
His Practical Criticism first part is Four Kinds of Meaning.
1) Four Kinds of meaning :-
A poet writes to communicate and language is the means of that communication. Language is made of a words and therefore a study of words is required to understand the meaning of a work of art. If we can understand words proper meaning so that we can criticize any work of art without understand it is like shadow of the art , we cannot understand deep meaning of the art and we can not able to criticize any art. According to I.A.Richards words carry four kinds of meaning or to be more precise the total meaning of a word depends upon four factors. For example – Sense, Feeling ,tone, intention
I) Sense – To understand writer reference or what is said or the items referred to by a writer.
II) Feeling – It is related to emotion which type writer tried to connect emotional attitude this thing understand without doubts. Feeling refers to emotion, emotional attitudes ,will, desire, pleasure, displeasure and the rest. When we say something we have a feeling about it, “ an attitude towards it, some special direction, bias or accentuation of interest towards it, some personal flavour or colouring of feeling”. Words express “ these feelings, these nuances of interest”.
III) Tone – It is like the attitude of the writer. Writer chooses words and arrange that appropriately, that’s why reader understand writer's attitude. The use of language is determined by the writer's recognition of his relation to his readers.
IV) Intention :-
It mean writer's aim for writing any poem. Writer's aim may be conscious or unconscious ,the effect he is trying to promote. It refer to the emphasis shapes the arrangement or draws attention to something of important.
2) Two uses of Language:-
According to I.A.Richards language can be used in two ways for example the scientific use and the emotive one. Practice criticism chapter 34, he discusses the most neglected subject for example the theory of language and the two uses of language. This theory we can much understand if we can understand a clear comprehensive of the difference between the uses of language is indispensable. He tried to distinguish between two kinds of causation for mental event. It is only in recent years that serious attention is given to the language as a science.
I) Scientific use of language:-
It is like connection and relations of reference to one another must be logical. In the use of scientific language, we are usually matter of fact. Scientific use of the language the difference in reference is a failure but in the emotive language it is not so. Generally Scientific use of the language, the reference should be correct and the relation of reference should be logical. Richards goes on to examine different uses of the word 'truth'. He says that the term 'true' should be reserved for this type of uses the scientific use.
II) Emotive use of language:-
He also says the term ‘true’should be reserved for this type of uses the scientific but the emotive power of the word is far too great for this. Richards says that logical arrangement is not necessary for emotive purposes. The temptations are there for a speaker who wants to evoke certain attitudes.
So Richards goes on to consider the connotation of the word ’truth’ in Criticism. In literary criticism the common use is 'acceptability'.
3) On Simile, metaphor and symbol :-
He says two kinds of Metaphors. The use of metaphoric language important for the purpose of communication. Metaphor may be two kinds :- I) Sense metaphor
II) Emotive metaphor
In a sense metaphor the shift is due to a similarity or analogy between the original object and the new
one. In an emotive metaphor the shift is due to a, “Similarity between the feelings the new situation and the
normal situation arouse”. The same word in different contexts may be a sense – Metaphor or an emotive one.
Metaphor, says Richards “is a semi surreptious method by which a greater variety of element can be brought into
A) the fabric of the experience. Richards uses the word “Symbolistic” for the referential use of language, but there is a different between his views of language and Saussure's. If we have not skill of reading poetry then create four type of misunderstanding in our mind. Rhythm results from the repetition of particular sounds and the expectancy this repetition around in the mind. Metre is a specialised formed pattern. Both rhythm and metre are organic and integral parts of a poem. They both determine the meaning of the words used the poets. If we have not skill of understanding of the sense of poetry :- Careless, intuitive reading
B) Over literal reading- Prosaic reading
C) Defective scholarship, inappropriate metaphor
D) Difference in meaning of words in poetry and prose, like personification, metaphor.
Crossing The Bar
Sunset and evening star,
And one clear call for me I
And may there be no moaning of the bar,
When I put out to sea,
But such a tide as, moving, seems asleep,
Too full for sound and foam
When that which drew from out the boundless deep
Turns again home
Twilight and evening bell,
And after that the dark !
When I embark ,
For tho' from out Bourne of Time and place
I hope to see my Pilot face to face
When I have crost the bar.
One of the serious cause of misunderstanding is the failure to realize that the poetic use of words is different from their use in prose. Literal sense of words we can understand through dictionary but it behind meaning to understand to the sense of the poetry. Critics found this type of problem with this poem-
1) Sunset and star how can call anybody so if we have no sense use of language therefore we can not understand .
2) In the second stanza poet use methor of language , Tide as moving seems asleep , simile figurative language.
3) It is imagination evening bell twilight.
If we just read this poem as assumption about language that would be fatal to poetry. In this poem not use many metaphor. In what way it’s sense is to be read ? Poetry is different from prose and needs a different attitude for right understanding.
Intention of the poet :-
Crossing the bar poem written by William Blake. The poem is to death signal for poet, poet image that how can death coming his near and he wants to easily crossing the bar of the death.
Summing up:-
As per my description or understanding of Practice criticism, Richards was one of the critic who gave this type of practical Criticism. He also tried to develop awareness of reader how can read poem. He explained his criticism with example of poem and try to clear misunderstanding of reader so he was the father of the New criticism.
Reference –
https://dilipbarad.blogspot.com/2014/12/ia-richards-figurative-language
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